United Arabs Emirates

Introduction The United Arabs Emirates (hereafter referred to as the UAE) was formed in 1971 as a result of a merger by seven states which included Abu Dhabi, Ash Shariqah, Al Fujayrah, Abu Zaby, ‘Ajman, Umm al Qaywayn and Dubayy (Index Mundi para. 1). Abu Dhabi is the capital city of the UAE.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on United Arabs Emirates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Over the past few decades, the UAE has undergone a significant economic transformation. Some of the factors which have contributed to the country’s economic growth over the past 3 decades relate to availability of sufficient oil resource and global finance (Index Mundi para. 1). During the 21st century, the UAE’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is ranked at par with those of the leading West European countries. However, during the period ranging from 2008 to 2009, the country’s economic growth was adversely af fected as a result of the collapse in real estate prices and the decline in oil prices. This situation forced a number of activists to petition the government to undertake a greater political responsibility. Over the years, the UAE has continuously adopted a moderate foreign policy stance which has enabled it to play a significant role in the economic transformation of the gulf region (Central Intelligence Agency para. 1). This paper is aimed at conducting an analysis of the UAE’s economy on the basis of various components such as its demographics, language, currency, political system, and predominant industries. The paper also analyzes the UAE’s economy on the basis of various economic factors such as nominal GDP, GDP per capita, unemployment and budget deficit. A description of the behavior of these economic indicators for a period of 20 years is also conducted. The paper also entails a historical analysis of the relationship between real GDP and labor productivity, real economic growth and labor productivity, real GDP and unemployment. A historical analysis of the relationship between inflation and real economic growth, inflation and money supply growth and unemployment and money supply growth is also conducted. Finally, the paper gives the relationship between the accounts in the balance of payments, average interest rates and the government budget balance. Demographics The UAE’s society is relatively cosmopolitan which is evidenced by the composition of its population. Approximately 19% of the country’s population are Emirati while 50% are South Asian and 23% are Iranians and Arabs. The remaining 8% of the population are composed of expatriates from different countries such as East Asians and Westerners.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The official language in the UAE is Arabic but some of the common languages spok en in the Emirates include Urdu, Hindu, English and Persian. Muslim is the major religion in the UAE with 96% of the citizens being Muslim while Hindu and Christians are only 4% (Central Intelligence Agency para. 5). The UAE has a national currency which is referred to as the UAE Dirham commonly abbreviated as AED (Central Intelligence Agency para. 6). Over the past decade, the UAE has undergone a significant population growth. The UAE’s population growth is estimated to be 3.282% (Central Intelligence Agency para. 6). In 2000, the UAE’s population was estimated to be 2, 369,153. During the period ranging from 2000 to 2006, the population of the Emirates grew at a steady rate from 2,369,153 to 2,602,713. However, from 2006 to 2007, the country’s population increased from 2,602,713 to 4,444,011 as illustrated by Figure 1. From 2006 to 2011, the population growth rate has been steady as illustrated by Figure 2. The population increased from 4,444,011 in 2007 to 5, 148,664 in 2011. Approximately 78.7% of the population are composed of individuals aged between 15-64 years. Of these, 2,968,958 are male while 1,080,717 are female. On the other hand, 20.4% of the citizens are aged between 0-14 years while 0.9% of the population are represented by individuals aged over 65 years. By 2005, the UAE’s population was estimated to be 5,148,664 (Central Intelligence Agency para. 6). Figure 1 Year ‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 ‘08 ‘09 ‘10 ‘11 UAE 2.37 2.40 2.45 2.48 2.52 2.56 2.6 4.44 4.62 4.8 4.98 5.15 Figure 2 Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on United Arabs Emirates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Source: Index Mundi http://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=tcv=21 Political System Since its formation, the United Arab Emirates has managed to establish a distinctive national identity as a result of consolidation of the federal status of the seven states that form the UAE (Emirates para. 1). As a result, the UAE has managed to develop a substantial degree political stability. The UAE’s political system is unique in that it is a combination of modern and traditional systems. By merging the two systems, the Emirates has been able to maintain, adapt and preserve the best traditions. The ultimate effect is that the UAE has succeeded to develop an effective administrative structure (Emirates para. 1). Prior to formation of the UAE, each of the states had their own political system. To ensure success of the new state, the leaders decided to form a provisional constitution that outlined the allocation of powers to the new federal institutions. Through constitutional review, a federal system was instituted in 1996. The UAE’s federal system of government is composed of the following: A Supreme Council Cabinet (Council of Ministers) Federal National Council Parliamentary Body An Independent Judiciary Council of Ministers Each of the UAE’s state has its own ruler which makes it to be loose alliance. On the basis of the 1971 provisional constitution, each of the seven emirate states has reserved a number of powers and rights such as those related to control of minerals and revenues. The resultant effect shows that development of federal powers has been relatively slow (US Department of State para. 13). Through the constitution, the UAE has established the position of the President and the Vice President who are required to serve for a 5 year term. The Council of Ministers is headed by the Prime Minister. The Federal National Council (FNC) is composed of 40 members some of which are appointed by the rulers while others are elected by an electorate which is selected by state rulers (US Department of State para. 13). The Cabinet is selected by the President in consultation with the Supreme Council. Additionally, each of the six states has its own local government (Emirates para. 6).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Predominant Industries In an effort to attain economic growth, the UAE adopted the concept of diversification of its economy. As a result, the United Arab Emirates has attained rapid industrial development. Diversification of industries in the UAE has played a critical role in the economic success of the country. There are a wide range of industries within the federation. The most important industries in the UAE include the chemical fertilizer industry, cement industry, oil and gas, aluminum, steel and cable industries. The UAE’s chemical fertilizer industry is a core component of the country’s economic growth. The industry’s growth arose from the foundation of the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC). In its operation, the industry produces approximately 1,050 metric tons of ammonia and more than 1,500 metric tons of urea. The chemical fertilizer plant was formed in 1998 as a result of a merger between International Technical Trading Company of the UAE and SQ L of Chile. The cement industry is ranked amongst the oldest manufacturing companies in the United Arabs Emirates. Al Ittihad Cement Company was the 1st cement factory. Other factories have been constructed at Dubai, Fujairah, Ajman, Al Ain, umm al-Qaiwain and Sharjah. By December 1998, there were 9 cement factories within the UAE. One of the plants specializes in the production of Portland cement and another produces white cement. The capacity of 8 plants that specialize in the manufacture of Portland cement is estimated to be 9 million tones. The cement factories have provided direct employment to approximately 2,999 citizens. This represents an investment of approximately Dh 1.8 billion. Oil and gas are the major contributors to the UAE’s Gross National Product (GNP) and hence the country’s economic growth. On a regional scale, the UAE is ranked as the 3rd largest producer of natural gas and the 4th on a global scale. The UAE has a substantial amount of oil and gas reserves which enables it to meet its domestic and international demands. Abu Dhabi oil sector accounts for 85% of the total oil produced in the UAE. One of the factors which made Abu Dhabi to be a major oil producer is that it has both onshore and offshore oil fields. Abu Dhabi National Oil Company is charged with the responsibility of formulating oil production policies. However, oil production is conducted jointly with other international companies. The daily oil production within the UAE is estimated to be 2 million barrels. The most renowned gas and oil sectors in the UAE are located at Fujaira, Sharjah and Dubai. The aluminum industry is also a significant component of the UAE’s economy. The aluminum industry in the Emirates also contributes to the growth of other industries such as the aerospace and automotive industries. This arises from the fact that the success of these companies depend on the availability of aluminum for them to operate effectively. One of the larg est players within the industry is Dubai Aluminum Company. The firm produces more than 861,000 metric tons of metal. The UAE has a sufficient amount of aluminum to meet both the local and international demand. Moreover, the United Arab Emirates exports aluminum to more than 40 countries. The steel industry is also a core component of the UAE’s economy. The country has a number of steel plants, such as Ducast, International Quality Steel, Haji Siddique Foundry and Eurogulf Steel Industries. Economic Indicators In 2010, the UAE experienced a growth in the level of net exports, investment and private consumption. As a result, its nominal GDP increased from Dh 780 billion in 2009 to Dh 843 billion in 2010. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected that the UAE’s nominal GDP will increase from $1.084 billion in 2010 to $1.402 billion in 2011 (MSN para. 1). With regard to GDP per capita, the UAE has a relatively high GDP per capita compared to other countries. GDP per capita of a country is obtained by dividing a country’s national output by its population. In 2010, the UAE’s GDP per capita was estimated to be $ 49,600. In 2011, the UAE’s GDP per capita increased to $66,626. This represents a significant growth in the country’s GDP per capita (Index Mundi 1). Currently, the UAE has a relatively low rate of inflation. However, the rate of inflation has been fluctuating over the past 3 years. In 2008, the UAE’s rate of inflation was 12.3% while in 2009 and 2010, the rate of inflation was 1.6% and 0.9% respectively. However, in 2011, the rate of inflation increased to 4.5%. Prior to attainment of its independence, the UAE’s economy was mainly driven by fishing and agriculture. The discovery of oil in the 1970s led to a significant economic growth. Currently, oil accounts for more than 35% of the country’s GDP. The UAE is ranked amongst the countries with the lowest rate of unemployment in the world. H owever, over the past decade, the Emirates has experienced an increment in the level of unemployment as illustrated in the chart below. By the end of 2010, the UAE’s rate of unemployment was reported to be 4.3%. Source: Trading Economics http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-arab-emirates/unemployment-rate In 2009, the UAE had a relatively high budget deficit which amounted to Dh 126.5 billion. The high budget deficit arose from the slum in oil prices which was experienced in 2009. Additionally, the high budget deficit was also a result of an increment in the government spending with regard to development (UAE Interact 1). In an effort to improve the country’s economic growth, the UAE’s government reduced its budget deficit to Dh 84.9 billion in 2010. In 2011, the UAE’s government projected that it would reduce its budget deficit with a margin of 53% by the end of 2012. If this is achieved, the country’s budget deficit will amount to Dh 1.82 bil lion (UAE Interact 1). The percentage of the UAE’s balance of payment in relation to GDP is relatively low. By the end of 2010, the UAE’s balance of payment as a percentage of GDP was 7.7%. The chart below illustrates the trend in the country’s balance of payment as a percentage of GDP from 2000 to 2010. Source: Trading Economics http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-arab-emirates/current-account-to-gdp Over the past 20 years, these economic indicators have been fluctuating as a result of changes in internal and external factors such as globalization and industrialization. Additionally, the changes in these indictors have also arisen from adoption of various economic policies. For example, from 1980 to 2010, the UAE’s average balance of payment as a percentage of GDP has been relatively stable at 9.36%. However, the country’s balance of payment as a percentage of GDP reached its historical high in 1980 when it averaged 25%. On the other hand, the UAE balance of payment as a percentage of GDP reached its lowest level in 1994 when it averaged 0.1%. If the UAE experiences a high balance of payment as a percentage of GDP, its competitiveness in the international market declines (Trading Economics 1). This arises from the fact that the competitiveness of its products in the international market can be negatively affected. Real GDP and Labor Productivity There is a direct relationship between real GDP and labor productivity (Arnold 360). According to Arnold (360), growth in labor enables an individual or a firm to increase the level of its output. The resultant effect is that the probability of an increment in the level of real GDP is enhanced. The chart below illustrates the relationship between Real GDP and labor productivity. Source: http://www.swlearning.com/economics/econ_data/labor_productivity/labor_productivity_data.html Arnold (360) further asserts that change in average labor productivity is dependent on whether the ad ditional workers are productive compared to the existing ones. Therefore, if the additional workers are less productive, the average labor productivity will decline. On the other hand, if the additional workers are more productive, then labor productivity will increase. Arnold (360) asserts that it is only an increment in labor productivity that can result into an increment in real GDP. Based on this relationship, it is important for economies to focus on how to improve their labor productivity. One of the ways through which they can attain this is by investing in education and training. Additionally, labor productivity can be also enhanced by increasing the level of capital investment. Real GDP and Unemployment The relationship between unemployment and real GDP has been evaluated by a number of economists such as Arthur Okun. Okun asserted that there was an indirect relationship between real GDP and unemployment (Bell 135). In his study, Okun showed that the level of unemployment i n the US during the postwar period reduced with 1% for every 2.2% growth in real GDP. Okun illustrated the indirect relationship using the formula K= (Ya-Yu)/dU. Where Ya= actual economic growth. Yu= unemployment stabilizing growth rate dU= change in the unemployment rate. Another study conducted in Australia during the 1990s revealed that to stabilize the rate of unemployment with a margin of 1%, real GDP was to grow with a margin of 3.5% (the required rate of growth) plus 2.15% which represented the Okun coefficient. Therefore, real GDP had to grow with a margin of 5.65% annually. This relationship indicates that in order to reduce unemployment, the rate of real GDP growth has to be relatively high (Bell 135). Real Economic Growth and Labor Productivity One of the factors that contribute to a country’s economic growth is labor. Through combination of labor and capital, a country is able to create output. To increase labor productivity, it is imperative that each individual increases his or her level of output. This stimulates the rate of growth in a country’s labor productivity. The resultant effect is that a country’s rate of economic growth is enhanced. This means that there is a direct relationship between the rate of a country’s real economic growth and labor productivity. Inflation and Real Economic Growth According to Li (1), a country’s economic growth is adversely affected by high rate of inflation. However, the relationship between inflation and real economic growth is complex. For example, studies conducted by Easterly and Bruno in 1998 revealed that there was a nonlinear relationship between real economic growth and the rate of inflation. Findings of the study showed that at low rate of inflation, the nature of relationship was neither positive nor significant. Li (1) further asserts that high rates of inflation have a significant and adverse effect on a country’s rate of economic growth. Additionally, stu dies conducted by Easterly and Bruno also revealed that some countries experienced high rates of inflation of up to 20% and 30% while their economic growth was not adversely affected. However, when the rate of inflation exceeds a certain critical level, the rate of economic growth is adversely affected (Li 2). Inflation increases the level of uncertainty in an economy hence reducing the level of investment. The resultant effect is that the country’s economic growth is reduced. Inflation and Money Supply According to McMahon (para. 1), there is a direct relationship between the level of money supply and the rate of inflation. McMahon asserts that an increase in money supply (M1) results in an increment in the rate of inflation. The chart below illustrates the relationship between the rate of inflation and money supply in Australia during the period ranging from1985 to 2000. Chart 1 Source: http://inflationdata.com/inflation/Inflation/Money_Supply_and_Inflation.asp Chart 2 So urce: http://inflationdata.com/inflation/Inflation/Money_Supply_and_Inflation.asp From Chart 1, it is evident that the annual increment in money supply during the period from 1985 to 2000 ranged between 5% and 10%. In 2000, the level of money supply crashed before stabilizing. From Chart 2, the direct relationship between money supply and the rate of inflation is evident especially during the 1980s. However, during the 1990s, the relationship between money supply and inflation is not clear. This arose from the political changes that the country undertook which affected the rate of inflation (McMahon para. 1). On the basis of the relationship between inflation and money supply, it is evident that in order for an economy to attain a stable rate of inflation, it is critical that it maintains the level of its money supply at a relatively low point. Based on this relationship, if a particular economy adjusts its money supply, the result should be attainment of its natural unemployment ra te. This means that in the long run, it is possible for the natural rate of unemployment to coexist with any inflation rate. Therefore, there is no tradeoff that exists between the rate of inflation and unemployment. However, this tradeoff is only evident during the short run (Kennedy 209). There is also a strong relationship between the accounts in the balance of payments, average interest rate, and the government budget balance. If the balance in the current account is large, a country experiences high external indebtedness. Additionally, if the amount in the current account does not balance with that in the capital account, the average interest rate is affected. A number of empirical studies conducted reveal that there is a direct relationship between the amount accumulated in the current account and the rate of interest that a particular government pays in order to clear its debt. Historically, it has also been proved that economies have high current account deficit experience c urrency depreciation from time to time. Conclusion The paper has given an analysis of the UAE on the basis of various aspects such as its demographics, population growth, predominant industries and political system. These factors make the UAE to be a viable investment destination. The resultant effect is that the country’s economic growth will be enhanced. Additionally, the UAE’s economy has been also analyzed on the basis of various economic indicators. The paper also outlines the relationship between various economic variables such as real GDP and labor productivity, real GDP and unemployment, real economic growth and labor productivity, inflation and real economic growth, inflation and money supply and unemployment and money supply growth. Finally, the relationship between the accounts in the balance of payments, average interest rate, and the government budget balance is given. Works Cited Arnold, Roger. Macroeconomics. New York: Cengage, 2008. Print. Bell, Stephen . The Unemployment Crisis in Australia. Which Way Out? London: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print. Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book. 10 Nov. Web. Emirates. Government and Political System. 12 Dec. 2011. Web. IndeX Mundi. United Arab Emirates Economy Profile 2011. 12 July 2011. Web. Li, Min. Inflation and Economic Growth: Threshold Effects and Transmission Mechanisms. Alberta: University of Alberta, 2008. Print. McMahon, Tim. M1 Money Supply and Inflation: How Does M1 Relate to Inflation? 9 April 2009. Web. MSN. IMF Raises GCC Growth to 7.8%. 28 April 2011. Web. Trading Economics. United Arabs Emirates GDP per capita. 30 Dec. 2011. Web. UAE Interact. UAE Nominal GDP to Expand 8% in 2010. 10 June 2010. Web. US Department of State. Background Note: United Arab Emirates. 29 Dec. 2011. Web. This assessment on United Arabs Emirates was written and submitted by user Leo Erickson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cuban Missle Crisis essays

Cuban Missle Crisis essays In 1962, Cuban leaders became convinced that the United States was planning an attack on Cuba. Cuban leaders asked the U.S.S.R. for more military aid. The U.S.S.R. responded by sending missiles and materials to build launch In October of that year, U.S. intelligence produced evidence that the Soviets were building missile sites in Cuba. Khrushchev, leader of Soviet Union, denied they were building missile sites, but the American ambassador to the United Nations, produced photographs taken by U.S. reconnaissance planes for al the world to see. President Kennedy considered it an act of aggression by the Soviet Union. He place an air and naval blockade around Cuba against the delivery of weapons. The U.S. was on edge ready for air strikes on Cuba. Finally, Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles in exchange for an American promise not to invade Cuba. The most dangerous confrontation between superpowers since World War II had come to a peaceful end. Both countries in effect, made a choice against nuclear war. It again seemed possible to hope for peace. That following summer, the two countries took a first step towards an arms agreement by banning the testing of nuclear weapons in the ...

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Macroeconomic Policies during the Recession of 2008-2009 Renyuan Feng An Assessment of Macroeconomic Policies during the Great Recession of 2008-2009 Brief Introduction From 2008-2009, US economy suffered the severe recession from the impact of the global financial crisis. From 1990s, United States has experienced the huge amount of the saving inflows from the other emerging markets (Bernanke, 2009). However, the financial institutions invest these savings with the poor way to develop the sub-prime mortgage and push the real estate price increasing. The sub-prime mortgage loans were provided to the people with poor credit score as the no income, no job and no asset groups. Meanwhile, these bad loans were securitized in the financial market and traded as the financial instruments to provide numerous profits for the financial institutions and Wall Street bankers (Thomas, Hennessey, Holtz-Eakin, 2011). The low interest rate and the increase of housing price had provided new opportunities for these foreign saving inflows. The burst of housing bubble has led the high proportion of defaults on subprime mortgage. With the fall of largest financial institu tion, the whole financial system suffered the damage. Later, this financial crisis has become contagious into the global scale and finally created one of the most serious financial chaoses in the beginning of the new century. During these months, US economy has experienced the severe negative influences as the real GDP fell at a 6% annual rate and the employment positions have been reduced in the large amount every month. The usage of confusing financial instruments as credit-default swaps and collateralized debt obligations in the financial market has been blamed as one of the significant reasons for the crisis (Weisberg, 2010). Meanwhile, the other main causes for this Great Recession could be included as the international global imbalances, the low interest rate for the monetary policy, the lack of regulation for the new financial instruments and conflicts of interest in the financial rating agencies (Bernanke, 2009). Fiscal Policies in Action To deal with this economic recession, US government has passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act in 2009. The act aims to develop more new employment and maintain current ones, to stimulate the economy and invest the economic growth and to improve the transparency of government spending. At the same time, the government would provide around $787 billion financial support for the tax cuts, funding for unemployment benefits and funding for grants and loans (Recovery.gov, 2009). The government requires the usages of Recovery funds need to be reported every year to maintain its transparency. The government would also provide financial support to the local school districts. All these actions would help the country’s economy to leave the negative influence from financial crisis. However, the strategies which focuses on the government spending and taxes cut are still be discussed by the economic scholars because the effect of them are hard to be observed and examined(Wilson, 2012). Monetary Policies in Action One of the most significant monetary policies is that the Federal Reserve to support the economy is that usage of quantitative easing. It is the approach that the central bank uses its printing machines to make more notes to buy the assets (Reddy, 2010). This way could effectively decline the notes’ yield and the interest rates of the debt market. This strategy could help the homeowners to refinance their loans because the borrowing costs have been reduced. The investors also are guided into the share markets and bond markets by the market to increase the value of these securities (Reddy, 2010). It could help the US exporters because it weakens the US dollar. The whole process could push the asset prices and inflation expectations, reduce the exchange rate and real interest rates. From 2008 to 2010, the Federal Reserve has bought about $1.7 trillion of Treasury and asset-backed securities to push the economy away from the recession. The economists have predicted that this acti on could reduce 0.5% of the long term Treasury yields and also the rates in the private credit markets. It also helps the asset market, especially the real estate market to increase the prices. This activity could have the possibility to build up another round of the financial bubble because of the higher yields in riskier assets. The quantitative easing could effectively reduce the value of the US dollar and start the currency war. However, it increases the risks of pushing up the prices of commodities and increasing the inflations. The effects and risks of this policy are still the controversial topics. Have the Fiscal Policies Worked? The Fiscal Policy as ARRA actually helps the economy recovery for months. With the implementation of this act, the economy performance was significantly influenced. The real GDP showed the stable growth from the autumn of 2009. The private payroll employment also grew in about 2.2 million from 2010 to 2011(Council of Economic Advisers, 2011). Some measures have the fiscal stimulus has the effect on the increasing level of GDP from 2011. The strong growth of GDP has begun from the third quarter of 2009 and remained the good trend for the economy in the following months. The result is similar with other results from different analysts. Until 2011, the estimation from CEA showed the employment has been increased between 2.2 to 4.2 million (Council of Economic Advisers, 2011). In 2008 and 2009, the employment market has suffered the serious decline because of the impact from the recession. The fiscal policy of ARRA has raised the concerns of the Federal Government into the job market. Fr om the first quarter of 2011, the payroll employment has kept the steady increase in the following months. This result was the significant increase to help more people to work and increase their income. The Federal government has effectively cut its spending and tax in the amount of $697 billion which has followed the estimation of the act. The huge amount of the tax cuts would still continue in the next year plans. The individual tax cuts and the state fiscal relief which occupied the large proportion in the government spending have been paid more attention to deal with. The public investment spending on infrastructure and clean energy have been increased from only $7 billion in 2009 to $182 billion in 2011. It is because this act aims to develop the long-term strategies for the economy. The demands of improving infrastructure and clean energy could effectively increase the competitiveness for the country’s future economic development. These results have been compared with t he other results from different models (Council of Economic Advisers, 2011). There were no significant differences among them. Additionally, the study from Moody’s Analytics model also supported that the current fiscal policies have contributed a lot in to the increase of GDP, jobs and inflation (Blinder Zandi, 2010). After examining the results in different scenario, the study showed that the financial stimulus played an important role in the economic performance. Have the Monetary Policies Worked? The Monetary Policy actually failed to stimulate the economy. First of all, after many rounds of quantitative easing activities, the economy still remains weak. The national economy is in the low-growth environment with the poor GDP performance. The GDP in 2010 was just 2.9% which was the result with both contributions from fiscal policies and monetary policies. Meanwhile, the performance in employment market was also bad with the high unemployment rate of 9.2%. The financial support with more than $2.1 million in the job market actually worked nothing in theses months. All these bad performance have added more pressure to the Federal Reserve. Even though the value of US dollar has been decreased in the global market, the export market could not contribute sufficiently to support the economy. US government was also blamed to control its exchange rate in the global exchange market. On the other hand, the monetary policy has stimulated the creation of the new asset bubble. The impact f or the huge amount of notes in the financial system has shown in the economic performance. The inflation faced the huge challenge in the increasing prices of commodities. The SP has increased twice than last year at 8%. Residents have to face the increase in the commodity. However, the government believed this inflation was still in control and with few risks. The IPO has become the next bubble in the financial market which was the result of commodity boom and asset bubble (Groth Randazzo, 2011). This monetary policy has driven the US Federal Government into one wired situation with the mix of stagnant wages, high unemployment, high inflation and the asset bubble. The government believed that there were no threats from the inflation and asset bubbles. However, the capacity for the government to identify the potential risks and the effect of the current policy were still doubted by the economists. The government policy influenced the indicators for government to adjust its policies has become one of the paradox in the decision making process. All these results could show the failure of quantitative easing policy. Conclusion Currently, US Federal Government has implemented several fiscal and monetary policies to help the economy recover from the chaos of global financial crisis. With the combination of government spending cuts, tax cuts and quantitative easing, the US economy has shown increasing trend. With the comparison from different studies, the fiscal policies have successfully improved the performance of the economy. The government should continue the sustainability of economic development and maintain the concentration into the employment market. On the other hand, the monetary policy as quantitative easing did not show the significant effect on the economy. The increasing inflation and the potential new asset bubbles have brought more challenges to the Federal Government. In this aspect, the government must pay more attention into these two areas to avoid increasing likelihood for the other crisis. The government must adjust both monetary and fiscal policies to achieve the goal. References Bernanke, B, S. (2009). Four Questions about the Financial Crisis. Retrieved from http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20090414a.html Blinder,A, S., Zandi, M. (2010). How the Great Recession Was Brought to an End. Retrieved from http://www.princeton.edu/blinder/End-of-Great-Recession.pdf Council of Economic Advisers. (2011). The Economic Impact of The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/cea_7th_arra_report.pdf Groth, J., Randazzo, A. (2011). The Failure of Quantitative Easing. Retrieved from http://reason.com/archives/2011/07/15/the-failure-of-quantitative-eaRecovery.gov. (2009). The Recovery Act. Retrieved from http://www.recovery.gov/About/Pages/The_Act.aspx Reddy, S. (2010). How It Works; When It Doesn’t Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704506404575592722702012904.html Thomas, B., Hennessey,K., Holtz-Eakin, D. (2011). What Caused the Financial Crisis? Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704698004576104500524998280.html Weisberg, J. (2010). What Caused the Economic Crisis. Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/the_big_idea/2010/01/what_caused_the_economic_crisis.html Wilson, D, J. (2012). Government Spending: An Economic Boost? Retrieved from http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/letter/2012/el2012-04.html

Essay --

Throughout history, many different types of economic models and theories have been developed. These different philosophies of business often were an important and integral part of a government’s basic structure. For example communist countries like China and the Soviet Union practiced a type of socialism. While, democratic nations like the United States and Canada practice forms of capitalism. Also within these economic models exists different theories as well such as Keynsian economics and laissez faire economics. To understand how these types of economies work in the world today, it is important to study and define a variety of economic systems. Researching such economic systems as capitalism and socialism, and also looking at the ideas of laissez faire and the Keynsian economics, a person will start to have a better understanding of how business works in the world today. One of the most common major types of economic systems in the world today is capitalism. In its simplest terms, capitalism can be defined as an economic system in which a country’s trade and industry are run by private organizations for profit. So within capitalism major industries such as manufacturing, energy, banks, transportation, medicine and more are not run by the government. The earliest forms of capitalism can be traced to the 17th century English Puritans who possessed a strong work ethic that focused an importance on productive labor. Modern capitalism is said to have started in the mid-18th century with the birth of factories. Factory owners were able to maximize wealth by making goods that were in-demand and also by streamlining labor. For capitalism to work. supply and demand is typically unregulated by government. It is based on the f... ...omy. For example, China is considered a communist government. However for their economy to exist in the world market, some private ownership and factories have been allowed to exist with government oversight. And the United States while considered a capitalistic society has such institutions as public schools, energy, medicare, and services which all share in and benefit from equally. All economic systems also have their pros and cons. For example, Capitalism has been accused of ignoring the individual in pursuit of profit. While socialism does not reward the entrepreneur with wealth, but often punishes the rich with crushing taxes. In the end, the best way to understand how economies work in the world today is to research each ones basic history and definition. In this way a person can make an informed decision on what economic system they believe works best

Concrete Operations Stage

Concrete operations are the third stage of Piagetian cognitive development, during which children develop logical but not abstract thinking (Papalia p. 351). The concrete operational stage begins around age seven and continues until approximately age eleven. During this time, children gain a better understanding of mental operations. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts. Piaget determined that children in the concrete operational stage were fairly good at the use of inductive logic. Inductive logic involves going from a specific experience to a general principle. On the other hand, children at this age have difficulty using deductive logic, which involves using a general principle to determine the outcome of a specific event. This stage is also characterized by a loss of egocentric thinking. Egocentrism is Piaget’s term for inability to consider another person’s point of view; a characteristic of young children’s thought (Papalia p. G-3). During this stage, the child has the ability to master most types of conservation experiments, and begins to understand reversibility. Conservation is the realization that quantity or amount does not change when nothing has been added or taken away from an object or a collection of objects, despite changes in form or spatial arrangement. The concrete operational stage is also characterized by the child’s ability to coordinate two dimensions of an object simultaneously, arrange structures in sequence, and transpose differences between items in a series. The child is capable of concrete problem-solving. Categorical labels such as â€Å"number† or â€Å"animal† are now available to the child. The first, and most discussed, of these limitations is egocentrism. The pre-operational child has a â€Å"'self-centred' view of the world† (Smith, Cowie and Blades, 2003, p. 399), meaning that she has difficulty understanding that other people may see things differently, and hence hold a differing point of view. Piaget's classic test for egocentrism is the three mountains task (Piaget and Inhelder, 1956), which concrete operational thinkers can complete successfully. A second limitation which is overcome in the concrete operational stage is the perceptual domination of one aspect of a situation. Before the stage begins, the child's perception of any situation or problem will be dominated by one aspect; this is best illustrated by the failure of pre-operational children to pass Piaget's conservation tasks (Piaget and Inhelder, 1974). Perhaps the most important limitation, yet the most difficult to describe and measure, is that of the turn to logical operators. A pre-operational child will use mostly simple, heuristic strategies in problem solving. Once a child reaches the concrete operational stage, they will be in possession of a completely new set of strategies, allowing problem solving using logical rules. This new ability manifests itself most clearly in children's justifications for their answers. Concrete operational thinkers will explicitly state their use of logical rules in problem solving (Harris and Butterworth, 2002). This area also indicates the way in which the concrete operational stage can be negatively defined; although children can now use logical strategies, these can only be applied to concrete, immediately present objects. Thinking has become logical, but is not yet abstract. These shifts in the child's thinking lead to a number of new abilities which are also major, positively defined characteristics of the concrete operational stage. The most frequently cited ability is conservation. Now that children are no longer perceptually dominated by one aspect of a situation, they can track changes much more easily and recognize that some properties of an object will persevere through change. Conservation is always gained in the same order, firstly with respect to number, followed secondly by weight, and thirdly by volume. A second new ability gained in the concrete operational stage is reversibility. This refers to the ability to mentally trace backwards, and is of enormous help to the child in both their problem solving and the knowledge they have of their own problem solving. For the former this is because they can see that in a conservation task, for example, the change made could be reversed to regain the original properties. With respect to knowledge of their own problem solving, they become able to retrace their mental steps, allowing an entirely new level of reflection. Concrete operational children also gain the ability to structure objects hierarchically, known as classification. This includes the notion of class inclusion, e. g. understanding an object being part of a subset included within a parent set, and is shown on Piaget's inclusion task, asking children to identify, out of a number of brown and white wooden beads, whether there were more brown beads or wooden beads (Piaget, 1965). Seriation is another new ability gained during this stage, and refers to the child's ability to order objects with respect to a common property. A simple example of this would be placing a number of sticks in order of height. An important new ability which develops from the interplay of both seriation and classification is that of numeration. Whilst pre-operational children are obviously capable of counting, it is only during the concrete operational stage that they become able to apply mathematical operators, thanks to their abilities to order things in terms of number (seriation) and to split numbers into sets and subsets (classification), enabling more complex multiplication, division and so on. Finally, and also following the development of seriation, is transitive inference. This is the name given to children's ability to compare two objects via an intermediate object. So for instance, one stick could be deemed to be longer than another by both being individually compared to another (third) stick. Concrete operational stage (Elementary and early adolescence). This stage (characterized by 7 types of conservation: number, length, liquid, mass, weight, area, volume), intelligence is demonstrated through logical and systematic manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects. Operational thinking develops (mental actions that are reversible). Egocentric thought diminishes.

Biochemical Action of Bacteria

OBJECTIVE: 1. To distinguish the bacteria abilities to metabolize various substrates and end products formed. 2. To observe the growth of different bacteria species in term of structures and its morphology based on different chemical substance applied. 3. To observe physiological and immunological properties utilized by different species of bacteria. INTRODUCTION: Bacteria biochemical testing can determine the types and numbers in terms of colony forming units of bacteria present in a sample of different chemical. The testing could be focused on a specific type of bacteria, medical bacteria or a broad range of environmental bacteria.Since bacteria are present in virtually any environment, it’s important to be clear why the testing is being performed. The more specific the testing is the better and the easier it is to interpret the results. Numbers and types of bacteria that should be a cause for concern depends upon several factors, including the type of bacteria present and t he type of samples. Escherichia coli  are one of the main species of bacteria living in the lower intestines of mammals. E. coli  can be found in the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. The presence of  E. coli  in foods is considered to be an indication of fecal contamination.Staphylococcus  organisms are commonly found in the environment. Several species of  Staphylococcus  are found on the skin, intestines, nasal passages, etc. of warm-blooded animals. Some species of  Staphylococcus, particularly  Staphylococcus aureus  can be pathogenic are capable of causing illness. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is widely distributed in soil, water and plants. It survives in hot tubs, whirlpools, contact lens solution, sinks and showers. It can cause a number of opportunistic infections including infections of the skin, external ear canal and of the eye.Nitrifying bacteria recycle organic nitrogenous materials from ammonium (the endpoint for the decomposition of proteins) t o nitrates. Their presence can indicate that the water may have been polluted by nitrogen-rich organics from sources such as compromised septic tanks, sewage systems, industrial and hazardous waste sites and is undergoing an aerobic form of degradation. The presence of denitrifying bacteria can indicate that the water has been polluted by nitrogen-rich organics from sources such as compromised septic tanks, sewage systems, industrial and hazardous waste sites. MATERIALS: 1. Nutrient broth cultures of Escherichia coli . Nutrient broth cultures of Serratia marcescens 3. Nutrient broth cultures of Salmonella typhimurium 4. Nutrient broth cultures of Bacillus subtilis 5. Nutrient broth cultures of Klebsiella spp. 6. Nutrient broth cultures of Streptococcus spp. 7. Nutrient broth cultures of Staphylococcus aurieus 8. Nutrient broth cultures of Proteus vulgaris 9. Nutrient broth cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens 10. Parafilm tape 11. Inoculating loops 12. Gloves 13. Incubator 14. Nutrie nt agar plate 15. Nutrient agar slants 16. Starch agar plates 17. Gelatine agar plates 18. 2 tubes Clark’s-Lub medium (MR-VP medium) 19. Tryptone broth 20. 3 Kigler’ slant 21. 5 tubes nitrate broth ( 0. 1% KNO3) 22. 5 urea broth 23. Tube containing 10ml of sterile saline 24. Glucose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 25. Lactose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 26. Sucrose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 27. Gram’s iodine 28. Kovac’s indol reagent 29. Mercuric chloride solution 30. KOH-creatine solution or 40% KOH 31. F&R reagent 32. Nessler’s reagent PROCEDURE: A. CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 1. Fermentation of sugars Materials: 1. Glucose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 2.Lactose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 3. Sucrose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 4. 18 hour nutrient broth cultures of E. coli and S. typhimurium Procedure: 1) The small bottles of different sugars were inoculated with a loopfuls of E. coli and Salmonella spp. 2) The tubes were labelled and incubate at 37oC for 24 hours 3) All observations were recorded for presence of acid or gas production. 2. Hydrolysis of starch Materials: 1. Starch agar plates 2. Broth agar cultures of B. subtilis and E. coli Procedure: 1) Starch plate was streaked with E. coli in for sections and repeated for B. ubtilis bacteria in other starch plate. 2) The plates were secured with parafilm, labelled and inoculated at 37oC for 24 hours. The following day 1) The plates were tested for starch hydrolysis by flooding the pates with Gram’s iodine. 2) The plates were examined and the colonies that showed clear uncoloured zones in contrast with the blue-black background of the starch-iodine complex were noted. 3) The extent of the zones of hydrolysis indicated either the reddish colour zones were seen. 4) All results and observations were recorded. B. PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID METABOLIM 1. Indole test Materials: 1. Broth cultures of B. ubtilis, E. coli, and S. typhimurium 2. 3 tubes of tryptone broth 3. Kovac’s indole test reagent Procedures: 1) The peptone water was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 1) The tubes were added with a few drops of Kovac’s indole reagent (dimethylaminobenzaldehyde) 2) The red or dark color indicates the presence of indole. 4. Hydrogen sulphide Materials: 1. Broth cultures of B. subtilis, E. coli, and S. typhimurium 2. 3 Kigler’s slant Procedures: 1) The Kigler’s slant was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism by the stab method. ) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 3) The Kigler’ slant was observed for production of H2S where the black precipitate along the line of growth in the Kigler’s slants indicated the H2S have been produced. 4) The observations were recorded. 3 . Gelatine hydrolysis test Materials: 1. Broth cultures of B. subtilis, E. coli, and S. typhimurium 2. Gelatine agar plates 3. Mercuric chloride solution Procedures: 3) The gelatine agar plates were inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism with a single streak at the centre of the plates. ) The plates were secured with parafilm, labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 5) The plates were flooded with mercuric chloride solution. 6) The medium become opaque in regions that still contain gelatine and clear regions where gelatine has been hydrolysed. C. VOGES-PROSKAUER TEST Materials: 1. Broth cultures of E. coli, and Klebsiella spp. 2. 2 tubes of Clark-Lub’s medium (MR-VP medium) 3. KOH-creatine solution Procedures: 1) The tubes of Clark-Lub’s medium (MR-VP medium) were inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tubes were labelled and incubated for 24 hours.The following day 1) The tubes were tested with Voges-Proskauer test. 2) The 0. 5 ml of KOH-creatine solutuin was addd. 3) The tube was shaked vigorously for 30 seconds. 4) The red or pink color indicates the presence of acetoin. D. CATALASE TEST Materials: 1. Broth cultures of Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. 2. Nutrient agar slant Procedures: 1) The nutrient agar slant was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 1) The tubes were tested with catalase test by adding several drops of a 5% solution of hydrogen peroxide. ) The vigorous bubbling indicates the presence of oxygen. E. NITRATE REDUCTION TEST Materials: 1. Broth cultures of E. coli, Proteus vugaris, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas fluorescens. 2. 5 tubes containing nitrate broth (0. 1% KNO3) 3. Nitrate test reagent Procedures: 1) The nitrate broth was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 1) The tubes were tested with 1ml of Follet and Ratcliff’s (F&R reagent) 2) The orange or brown color indicates the presence of nitrate. 3) The absent of nitrate indicates that: a.There has been no nitrate reduction b. The reduction has proceeded beyond that nitrate stage. 4) The absent of orange or brown color were further tested with small amount of cadmium to the tube. If nitrate still present, it will be catalytically change to nitrate which will then reacts with the F&R reagent in the tube. 5) In the absent of a positive nitrate result, the bubbles f H2 gas was observed in the Durhams tube OR 6) The samples were tested with 1ml of Nessler’s reagent. The brown or orange color indicates the presence of ammonia. F. UREASE TEST Materials: 1. Broth cultures of E. coli, P. vugaris, S. arcescens, P. fluorescens. 2. 5 urea broth with indicator Procedures: 1) The urea broth was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 1) The urease-posit ive organism produced in intense red/purple coloration of the medium after incubation. 2) All observations were recorded. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION: Test| Observation(After 24 hours incubation)| Description| A. Carbohydrate Test 1. Fermentation of starchDurham tubes and phenol-red indicator. 2. Hydrolysis of starch| Glucose: Lactose: Sucrose: Starch agar plates:B. ubtilisE. coli| * Positive result for E. coli as tube turn yellow * Positive result for S. typhimium as tube turn yellow * Positive result for E. coli as tube turn yellow * No gas produced by S. typhimium because the tube turns red. * No gas produced by E. coli because the tube is slightly red. * Positive result for S. typhimium as tube turn yellow * Positive zone of clearing. * Negative zone of clearing. | B. Protein And Amino Acid Metabolism 1. Indole test 2. Hydrogen disulphide 3. Gelatine hydrolysis test| Tryptone broth:B. subtilisE. coli. S. typhimuriumKigler’s slant:B. subtilisE. oli. S. typhimuriumGelatine agar plates:B. subtilisE. coli. S. typhimurium| * Negative Indole tests no color change. * Bright fuschia at the interface is positive test for Indole. * Negative Indole tests no color change. * Black precipitate form shows positive sulphur reduction. * Negative reaction. * Positive reaction forming the black precipitate. * Positive hydrolysis of gelatine into amino acid to be used as nutrients/gelatinase. * Negative hydrolysis of gelatine. * Negative hydrolysis of gelatine| C. Voges- Proskaeur’s Test| MR-VP medium:E. coli. Klebsiella spp. | * Negative results of E. oli * Positive results Klebsiella spp. | D. Catalase Test| Nutrient agar slant:S. aureusStreptococcus spp. | S. aureus * Positive catalase reaction because present of bubblesStreptococcus spp. * Negative catalase reaction no bubbles present. | E. Nitrate Reduction Test| Nitrate broth:E. coliP. vulgarisS. marcescensP. fluorenscens| * No color change after denitrification of ammonia. * No color change after denitrificat ion of ammonia. * Turns red. Positive nitrate test shows nitrate reductase present. * Turns red but negative catalase test. | F. Urease Test| Urea broth:E. coliP. vulgarisS. marcescensP. luorenscens| * Negative urease test because the tube remain purple. * P. vulgaris show positive urease test from yellow to pinkish. * S. marcescens show negative urease test because the color remain purple. * P. fluorenscens show negative urease test because the color remain purple. | DISCUSSION: Biochemical tests of bacteria oobjectively to test the metabolism of carbohydrate and related products of different bacteria species, test specific breakdown of products through color changes and gas produced. Besides that, the ability of bacteria utilizes a specific substance and the metabolism of protein and amino acid by bacteria.A. CARBOHYDRATE TEST Carbohydrate is an organic compound that consists of only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen which is basically the major carbon source of most organisms. Specific carbohydrate can be fermented by organism that incorporated in a medium producing red or acid with gas. Pinkish red color shows positive results where acidic content formed in the tube because carbon dioxide realised if fermentation occur. Negative catabolism of carbohydrate shows by yellow to colourless of Durham’s tube as the solution remain alkaline in the absent of carbon dioxide gas.Gas production can be seen as bubbles in Durham’s tube. Central carbohydrate metabolism or the breakdown of sugars into smaller compounds accompanied by the production of ATP and reduction of coenzymes, follows one of several pathway. Carbohydrate utilization and fermentation will be assessed by growing cells without shaking (aeration) in defined media containing a single carbohydrate. Acid products of sugar fermentation will cause a noticeable color change in the pH indicator included in the medium.Sugar fermentation does not produce alkaline product, however non-fermentative hydroly sis of amino acids in the peptone, present in most fermentation media, may give an alkaline reaction, which will also cause a color change in the pH indicator. Gas production, H2 in particular, can be determined by placing a small, inverted Durham tube in the test medium. If gas is produced, it is trapped in the Durham tube and can be seen as a bubble. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is produced by bacterial anaerobic degradation of the two sulfur-containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine.Hydrogen sulfide is released as a by-product when carbon and nitrogen atoms in the amino acids are consumed as nutrients by the cells. Under anaerobic conditions the sulfhydryl (-SH) group on cysteine is reduced by cysteine desulfurase. Ferrous ammonium sulfate-indicator. H2S reacts with ferrous sulfate forming the black precipitate Sodium thiosulfate is reduced to sulphite/thiosulfate The Kligler's Iron test is used to detect liberation of H2S gas by bacteria growing on an excess of these sulfur-cont aining amino acids. The agar contains high levels of peptones or sources of cysteine and methionine and ferrous sulfate as an indicator.When H2S is produced, the ferrous ion reacts with it to give ferrous sulfide, an insoluble black precipitate. In starch hydrolysis test Iodine must be on the plate to visualize the zone of clearing surrounding the bacteria. This zone indicates starch was broken down to dextrins, maltose, and glucose. B. PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID METABOLIM Indole test measures the ability of bacteria to split indole from tryptophan molecule but in term of biochemistry, Indole test is one of the metabolic degradation products of the amino acid tryophan.Bacteria that possess the enzyme trytophanase are capable of hydrolysing and deaminating tryptophan with the production of Indole, pyruvic acid and ammonia. Positive reaction showed by E. coli, P. vulgaris and negative results observed in Klebsiella and Salmonella from observation in the Indole test. Development of fuchsia red color at the interface of the reagent and the broth within seconds after adding the reagent is indicative of the presence of Indole and is a positive test. Kovac’s reagent detects if tryptophan has been hydrolyzed to indol or tryptophanase.Gelatin is the protein derived from the animal protein collagen, has been used as a solidifying agent in food for a long time besides nutrient gelatine as an early type of solid growth medium. One problem is that many bacteria have the ability to hydrolyze or liquefy the gelatin. This gelatin liquefaction ability forms the basis for this test. C. VOGES-PROSKAUER TEST The production of acetoin by bacteria is perform through Voges Proskauer Test to determine the ability of the organisms to produce neutral end product acetyl methyl carbinol (acetoin) from glucose fermentation.Negative results gained from E. coli meanwhile positive reaction gives by. Changing of color to red pinkish color at the surface of the medium indicated positive res ults and yellow color at the surface of the medium show negative reaction. The KOH reagent should not be excessively added to the sample because excess KOH may mask weak VP positive reactions. The MR test will be positive for organisms that have complete pathways for mixed acid fermentation. The Voges-Proskauer (VP) test determines whether a specific neutral metabolic intermediate, acetoin, has been produced instead of acid from glucose.Acetoin is the last intermediate in the butanediol pathway, which is a common fermentation pathway in B. subtilis. The tests are complementary in the sense that often a bacterium will give a positive reaction for one test and a negative reaction for the other. The three possible patterns of results where the acetoin fermentation pathway, detected by the VP test, two molecules of pyruvate condense and two molecules of CO2 are released. The 4 carbon intermediate that is formed, acetoin, contains a carbonyl group. The acetoin acts as a terminal electron acceptor with the carbonyl group being reduced to a hydroxyl group.The reduced product, butanediol, is excreted by the bacteria and acetoin is oxidized to diacetyl by alkaline -naphthol, which forms a red complex with creatinine. D. CATALASE TEST Catalase is present in most cytochrome containing aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria except Streptococcus spp. Hydrogen peroxide forms as one of the oxidative end product of aerobic carbohydrate metabolism. If hydrogen peroxide allowed accumulating in the bacterial cells it becomes lethal to the bacteria. Catalases help in converting H2O2 to water and oxygen.In the catalase test performed, Streptococcus spp gives negative reaction as for S. aureus, the positive reaction occurred. One of the by-products of oxidation-reduction in the presence of O2 during aerobic respiration is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This compound is highly reactive and must be degraded in the cytoplasm of the cell producing it. It can be especially damaging to mo lecules of DNA. Most aerobes synthesize the enzyme catalase, which breaks down H2O2 into water and oxygen. The O2 gas is identified by the production of bubbles from a concentrated cell suspension.The test for catalase is simple and usually very reliable. It is a major method of distinguishing between Staphylococcus (catalase positive), Streptococcus (catalase negative), and Enterococcus (catalase negative), although some strains of Enterococcus faecalis may be positive. Catalase production is generally associated with aerobic organisms, since H2O2 is a toxic by-product of aerobic growth, but not always. E. NITRATE REDUCTION TEST Nitrate reduction test basically test the ability of organism to reduce the nitrate to nitrites of free nitrogen gas.In order to determine either the bacteria can reduce nitrate, the test organism is inoculated into nitrate reduction broth, undefined medium that contains large amounts of nitrate (KNO3). After incubation, reagent added simultaneously reacts with nitrite and turn to red color, indicating a positive nitrate reduction. If there is no color change at this step, nitrite is absent. If the nitrate is unreduced and till in its original form, this would be a negative nitrate reduction result. However it is possible that the nitrate was reduced to nitrite but has been further reduced to ammonia or nitrogen gas.This would be recorded as positive nitrate reduction result. Under anaerobic conditions, some bacteria are able to use nitrate (NO3-) as an external terminal electron acceptor. This kind of metabolism is analogous to the use of oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor by aerobic organisms and is called anaerobic respiration. Nitrate is an oxidized compound and there are several steps possible in its reduction. The initial step is the reduction of nitrate (NO3-) to nitrite (NO2-). Several possible products can be made from further reduction of nitrite. Possible reduced end products include the following N2, NH3 (ammonia), N2O (nitrous oxide).Bacteria vary in their ability to perform these reactions, a useful characteristic for identification. A medium that will support growth must be used and the cells must be grown anaerobically. Growth in the presence of oxygen will decrease or eliminate nitrate reduction. There are many possible end products of nitrate reduction such as nitrite, nitrogen gas (N2), nitrous oxides, ammonia, and hydroxylamine. The disappearance of nitrate or the appearance of the end products. The test relies on the production of nitrous acid from the nitrite. This, in turn, reacts with the iodide in the reagent to produce iodine.The iodine then reacts with the starch in the reagent to produce a blue color. Since some of the possible products of NO3- reduction are gaseous, a Durham tube is sometimes inverted in the culture tube to trap gases. This being the case, it is important to pre-test the medium to ensure no detectable nitrite is present at the beginning, and, in the case of a neg ative test, to reduce any nitrate to nitrite to determine whether the nitrite was also reduced. If nitrite is produced, it reacts with hemoglobin to give a bright red color, instead of the dark red color of hemoglobin.It is this reaction that is responsible for the color of meats, such as hot dogs, which are preserved with sodium nitrite. The blood agar test has the advantage of no color change occurring if the nitrite is further reduced. F. UREASE TEST Urease test mainly highlighted to determine the ability of the organism to split urea forming 2 molecules of ammonia by the action of the enzyme Urease with resulting alkalinity. Negative reaction shown by E. coli meanwhile Klebsiella spp. shows positive result. Extra precaution needed because both the urease test medium depend upon the demonstration of alkalinity that not specific for urease.Moreover the protein hydrolysis may result I alkalinity hence false positive may be seen in Pseudomonas. The false positivity can be eliminated by control test using the same medium without urea as recommendation. Urea is a nitrogenous waste product of animals. Some bacteria can cleaved it to produce carbon dioxide and ammonia. The ammonia is a nitrogen source for amino acid biosynthesis as well as for synthesis of other nitrogen-containing molecules in the cell. The urease test was devised to distinguish Proteus species from other enterics.The medium described here is buffered enough so that weak urease producers appear negative. The production of ammonia raises the pH of the medium. The indicator phenol red is present in the broth. Phenol red is orange-yellow at pH below than 6. 8, and turns bright pinkish-red at pH higher than 8. 1. Hence, a positive urea test is denoted by the change of medium color from yellow to pinkish red. CONCLUSION: Based on the laboratory, different bacteria species have different abilities to metabolize various substrates and end products formed were able to be observed and distinguished.

Different Pathways Essay

Different Pathways Essay Different Pathways Essay Two Entrepreneurs: Two Successes Two Pathways Imani Stephens October 19, 2014 BTM5000-8 Abstract There are many strategies used to have a successful business. Michael Dell is successful because he makes the customer the focus of his company. He also has a good understanding of supply and demand, he steers away from overproduction. Andy Grove has had a few methods of avoiding feeling safe in his business endeavors. Grove’s method of continuous preparation has kept his business successful as well. Both entrepreneurs share the ideas of keeping a plan for future outcomes, striving through obstacles, and providing a product better than their competitors The Entrepreneurs Michael Dell is the founder and CEO of Dell. He has been an entrepreneur since the age of 12. At the age of 19, Dell began experimenting with computer while he was a student in college. In 1984, Dell registered his business as Dell Computer Corporation. â€Å"At age 27, Michael Dell was the youngest CEO of a Fortune 500 company.† (Krames, 2003, p.58) Dell contributes his success to relationships between his company and the customers. Andy Grove is the cofounder and former CEO of Intel. Formerly known as Andras Grof, he migrated to the United States and cofounded Intel in the late 1960’s. Grove’s ability to overcome challenges and constructing management during periods of change has made him successful. Contributions In 1968, Andy Grove, Bob Noyce, and Gordon Moore created a computer chip that could store ever-increasing numbers of transistors. The chips would not only be cost effective but increase the computer’s memory and functionality. Grove and his team predicted the need for their product due to expansion of technology. Michael Dell used a direct model for his company which was â€Å"†¦based on a one-to-one relationship between the company and the costumers-â€Å"(Krames, 2003, p.59) Dell gave the costumer the opportunity to participate in the design of their product and a voice in the company. To assure accuracy and satisfaction, Dell builds the products after the costumer’s order is received. Costumers were given communication resources such as calls, emails, and faxes. Forums were created for costumers to speak with key employees in the company. Resistance In the 1980’s, the Japanese were making computer chips that cost less and were more efficient than the Intel chips. The competition forced Intel to shift production from chips to microprocessors. Another massive change occurred while marketing their new product, â€Å"a minor error† (Krames, 2003, p.140) was discovered in the chip. Grove created a certain amount of fear into his company, which promoted his employees to prepare for unpredictable circumstances. In the 2000’s, when the computer industry declined due

Business Succession Planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Succession Planning - Research Paper Example The minority shareholders are those shareholders who are in a position to exercise control over the issues of the company. This situation may lead to a conflict of interests between the majority and minority shareholders. The reasons for such conflicts and the likely effects of those conflicts on corporate governance and the ways to solve such conflicts are discussed in this paper. Structural reasons: The organization structure is so designed that some people may have advantages over others by having access to information and resources so that they have more insider information. Hence, this creates an organization which is not transparent. Also, the majority of shareholders can have control of financial resources and human resources of the company and this may create domination over the minority group. The Institutional allocation of authority can be imbalanced and can be according to the benefit of a few people. The majority of shareholders may have more power in decision making and when the minority does not agree for decisions they may threaten to create a deadlock until the minority group agrees. In the case of proprietary companies(3), the ownership and management are overlapping and there is no distinction between the two. Hence, the company is managed in such a way that is best for the owners which may cause conflict with the minority shareholders. The absence of Information and Factual Complexity: Withhold of valuable information causes mistrust among the minority group and this can ruin the confidence of the minority group on the management. Hence, when there is information is available freely the shareholders are not willing to believe the credibility and this can cause confusion. Breakdown of relations: Personal relations between directors, shareholders and employees can be a cause of conflict, or can at least exacerbate conflicts caused by other factors such as loss of trust, poor communication, stereotypes of gender or class, high levels of emotion, ego clashes, cultural or gender tensions, autocratic or uncooperative behavior.

There is a bleak relationship between liberalism and colonialism Essay

There is a bleak relationship between liberalism and colonialism - Essay Example Colonialism leads to atrocities where liberalism is absent. Elkins acknowledges that British colonialism in Kenya did not give natives right and access to amenities (Elkins 2011: 7374). The system of governance used constituted torture and violence to ensure that Kenyans obeyed the system. Additionally, the use of military agents to deal with Mau Mau insurgents used thepower that denied Kenya access to freedom. The military government received support from the high officials in the colonial government. The illegal use of force to rule Kenya confirms that liberalism cannot thrive where colonialism is practiced. Elkins reveals that the five complainants required hard evidence for them to win the case. One of the documents that were used includes Hanslope Disclosure, and it was used to document cases of violence and detention. The practice of colonialism during British Empire in Kenya led to deaths at least 1,000 Mau Mau suspects through hanging. Bringing colonial warlords to justice gr ants the former colonies a sense of self-actualization. However, the warlords out up a fight and destroy any evidence that can ascertain that they committed atrocities that disrespected human rights. One of the common processes that are used to seek reconciliation between colonialism and liberalism is restorative justice. Elkins argues that liberalism comes through the process of restorative justice (Elkins 2011: 736). Mau Mau suspects and sympathizers were detained amidst massive public support and protests.